# A quick overview of the S4 class system

# What is S4?

## The S4 class system

- The S4 class system is a set of facilities provided in R for OO programming.
- Implemented in the `methods` package.
- On a fresh R session:

    > sessionInfo()
    ...
    attached base packages:
    [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets
    [6] methods   base

- R also supports an older class system: the S3 class system.

## A different world

The syntax

    foo(x, ...)

not:

    x.foo(...)

like in other OO programming languages.

The central concepts

- The core components: classes, generic functions and methods
- The glue: method dispatch (supports simple and multiple dispatch)

##

The result

    > ls('package:methods')
      [1] "addNextMethod"                   "allGenerics"
      [3] "allNames"                        "Arith"
      [5] "as"                              "as<-"
      [7] "asMethodDefinition"              "assignClassDef"
    ...
    [211] "testVirtual"                     "traceOff"
    [213] "traceOn"                         "tryNew"
    [215] "unRematchDefinition"             "validObject"
    [217] "validSlotNames"

- Rich, complex, can be intimidating
- The classes and methods we implement in our packages can be hard to document, especially when the class hierarchy is complicated and multiple dispatch is used

## S4 in Bioconductor

- Heavily used. In BioC 3.3: 3158 classes and 22511 methods defined in 609 packages! (out of 1211 software packages)
- Top 10: 128 classes in `ChemmineOB`, 98 in `flowCore`, 79 in `IRanges`, 68 in `rsbml`, 61 in `ShortRead`, 58 in `Biostrings`, 51 in `rtracklayer`, 50 in `oligoClasses`, 45 in `flowUtils`, and 40 in `BaseSpaceR`.
- For the end user: it’s mostly transparent. But when something goes wrong, error messages issued by the S4 class system can be hard to understand. Also it can be hard to find the documentation for a specific method.
- Most Bioconductor packages use only a small subset of the S4 capabilities (covers 99.99% of our needs)

# S4 from an end-user point of view

## Where do S4 objects come from?

From a dataset

    library(graph)
    data(apopGraph)
    apopGraph

    ## A graphNEL graph with directed edges
    ## Number of Nodes = 50
    ## Number of Edges = 59

From using an object constructor function

    library(IRanges)
    IRanges(start=c(101, 25), end=c(110, 80))

    ## IRanges object with 2 ranges and 0 metadata columns:
    ##           start       end     width
    ##       <integer> <integer> <integer>
    ##   [1]       101       110        10
    ##   [2]        25        80        56

##

From a coercion

    library(Matrix)
    m <- matrix(3:-4, nrow=2)
    as(m, "Matrix")

    ## 2 x 4 Matrix of class "dgeMatrix"
    ##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
    ## [1,]    3    1   -1   -3
    ## [2,]    2    0   -2   -4

From using a specialized high-level constructor

    library(GenomicFeatures)
    makeTxDbFromUCSC("sacCer2", tablename="ensGene")

    TxDb object:
    # Db type: TxDb
    # Supporting package: GenomicFeatures
    # Data source: UCSC
    # Genome: sacCer2
    # Organism: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    # Taxonomy ID: 4932
    # UCSC Table: ensGene
    # UCSC Track: Ensembl Genes
    ...

##

From using a high-level I/O function

    library(ShortRead)
    path_to_my_data <- system.file(
        package="ShortRead",
        "extdata", "Data", "C1-36Firecrest", "Bustard", "GERALD")
    lane1 <- readFastq(path_to_my_data, pattern="s_1_sequence.txt")
    lane1

    ## class: ShortReadQ
    ## length: 256 reads; width: 36 cycles

Inside another object

    sread(lane1)

    ## DNAStringSet object of length 256:
    ##       width seq
    ##   [1]    36 GGACTTTGTAGGATACCCTCGCTTTCCTTCTCCTGT
    ##   [2]    36 GATTTCTTACCTATTAGTGGTTGAACAGCATCGGAC
    ##   [3]    36 GCGGTGGTCTATAGTGTTATTAATATCAATTTGGGT
    ##   [4]    36 GTTACCATGATGTTATTTCTTCATTTGGAGGTAAAA
    ##   [5]    36 GTATGTTTCTCCTGCTTATCACCTTCTTGAAGGCTT
    ##   ...   ... ...
    ## [252]    36 GTTTAGATATGAGTCACATTTTGTTCATGGTAGAGT
    ## [253]    36 GTTTTACAGACACCTAAAGCTACATCGTCAACGTTA
    ## [254]    36 GATGAACTAAGTCAACCTCAGCACTAACCTTGCGAG
    ## [255]    36 GTTTGGTTCGCTTTGAGTCTTCTTCGGTTCCGACTA
    ## [256]    36 GCAATCTGCCGACCACTCGCGATTCAATCATGACTT

## How to manipulate S4 objects?

Low-level: getters and setters

    ir <- IRanges(start=c(101, 25), end=c(110, 80))
    width(ir)

    ## [1] 10 56

    width(ir) <- width(ir) - 5
    ir

    ## IRanges object with 2 ranges and 0 metadata columns:
    ##           start       end     width
    ##       <integer> <integer> <integer>
    ##   [1]       101       105         5
    ##   [2]        25        75        51

High-level: plenty of specialized methods

    qa1 <- qa(lane1, lane="lane1")
    class(qa1)

    ## [1] "ShortReadQQA"
    ## attr(,"package")
    ## [1] "ShortRead"

## How to find the right man page?

- `class?graphNEL` or equivalently `?`graphNEL-class`` for accessing the man page of a class
- `?qa` for accessing the man page of a generic function
- The man page for a generic might also document some or all of the methods for this generic. The See Also: section might give a clue. Also using `showMethods()` can be useful:

    showMethods("qa")

    ## Function: qa (package ShortRead)
    ## dirPath="character"
    ## dirPath="list"
    ## dirPath="ShortReadQ"
    ## dirPath="SolexaPath"

- `?`qa,ShortReadQ-method`` to access the man page for a particular method (might be the same man page as for the generic)
- In doubt: `??qa` will search the man pages of all the installed packages and return the list of man pages that contain the string `qa`

## Inspecting objects and discovering methods

- `class()` and `showClass()`

    class(lane1)

    ## [1] "ShortReadQ"
    ## attr(,"package")
    ## [1] "ShortRead"

    showClass("ShortReadQ")

    ## Class "ShortReadQ" [package "ShortRead"]
    ##
    ## Slots:
    ##
    ## Name:       quality        sread           id
    ## Class: QualityScore DNAStringSet   BStringSet
    ##
    ## Extends:
    ## Class "ShortRead", directly
    ## Class ".ShortReadBase", by class "ShortRead", distance 2
    ##
    ## Known Subclasses: "AlignedRead"

- `str()` for compact display of the content of an object
- `showMethods()` to discover methods
- `selectMethod()` to see the code

# Implementing an S4 class (in 4 slides)

## Class definition and constructor

Class definition

    setClass("SNPLocations",
        slots=c(
          genome="character",  # a single string
          snpid="character",   # a character vector of length N
          chrom="character",   # a character vector of length N
          pos="integer"        # an integer vector of length N
        )
    )

Constructor

    SNPLocations <- function(genome, snpid, chrom, pos)
        new("SNPLocations", genome=genome, snpid=snpid, chrom=chrom, pos=pos)

    snplocs <- SNPLocations("hg19",
                 c("rs0001", "rs0002"),
                 c("chr1", "chrX"),
                 c(224033L, 1266886L))

## Getters

Defining the `length` method

    setMethod("length", "SNPLocations", function(x) length(x@snpid))

    length(snplocs)  # just testing

    ## [1] 2

Defining the slot getters

    setGeneric("genome", function(x) standardGeneric("genome"))
    setMethod("genome", "SNPLocations", function(x) x@genome)

    setGeneric("snpid", function(x) standardGeneric("snpid"))
    setMethod("snpid", "SNPLocations", function(x) x@snpid)

    setGeneric("chrom", function(x) standardGeneric("chrom"))
    setMethod("chrom", "SNPLocations", function(x) x@chrom)

    setGeneric("pos", function(x) standardGeneric("pos"))
    setMethod("pos", "SNPLocations", function(x) x@pos)

    genome(snplocs)  # just testing

    ## [1] "hg19"

    snpid(snplocs)   # just testing

    ## [1] "rs0001" "rs0002"

##

Defining the `show` method

    setMethod("show", "SNPLocations",
        function(object)
            cat(class(object), "instance with", length(object),
                "SNPs on genome", genome(object), "\n")
    )

    snplocs  # just testing

    ## SNPLocations instance with 2 SNPs on genome hg19

Defining the validity method

    setValidity("SNPLocations",
        function(object) {
            if (!is.character(genome(object)) ||
                length(genome(object)) != 1 || is.na(genome(object)))
                return("'genome' slot must be a single string")
            slot_lengths <- c(length(snpid(object)),
                              length(chrom(object)),
                              length(pos(object)))
            if (length(unique(slot_lengths)) != 1)
                return("lengths of slots 'snpid', 'chrom' and 'pos' differ")
            TRUE
        }
    )

    snplocs@chrom <- LETTERS[1:3]  # a very bad idea!
    validObject(snplocs)

    ## Error in `validObject()`:
    ## ! invalid class "SNPLocations" object: lengths of slots 'snpid', 'chrom' and 'pos' differ

##

Defining slot setters

    setGeneric("chrom<-", function(x, value) standardGeneric("chrom<-"))
    setReplaceMethod("chrom", "SNPLocations",
        function(x, value) {x@chrom <- value; validObject(x); x})

    chrom(snplocs) <- LETTERS[1:2]  # repair currently broken object

    chrom(snplocs) <- LETTERS[1:3]  # try to break it again

    ## Error in `validObject()`:
    ## ! invalid class "SNPLocations" object: lengths of slots 'snpid', 'chrom' and 'pos' differ

Defining a coercion method

    setAs("SNPLocations", "data.frame",
        function(from)
            data.frame(snpid=snpid(from), chrom=chrom(from), pos=pos(from))
    )

    as(snplocs, "data.frame")  # testing

    ##    snpid chrom     pos
    ## 1 rs0001     A  224033
    ## 2 rs0002     B 1266886

# Extending an existing class

## Slot inheritance

- Most of the time (but not always), the child class will have additional slots:

    setClass("AnnotatedSNPs",
        contains="SNPLocations",
        slots=c(
            geneid="character"  # a character vector of length N
        )
    )

- The slots from the parent class are inherited:

    showClass("AnnotatedSNPs")

    ## Class "AnnotatedSNPs" [in ".GlobalEnv"]
    ##
    ## Slots:
    ##
    ## Name:     geneid    genome     snpid     chrom       pos
    ## Class: character character character character   integer
    ##
    ## Extends: "SNPLocations"

- Constructor:

    AnnotatedSNPs <- function(genome, snpid, chrom, pos, geneid)
    {
        new("AnnotatedSNPs",
            SNPLocations(genome, snpid, chrom, pos),
            geneid=geneid)
    }

## Method inheritance

- Let’s create an AnnotatedSNPs object:

    snps <- AnnotatedSNPs("hg19",
                 c("rs0001", "rs0002"),
                 c("chr1", "chrX"),
                 c(224033L, 1266886L),
                 c("AAU1", "SXW-23"))

- All the methods defined for SNPLocations objects work out-of-the-box:

    snps

    ## AnnotatedSNPs instance with 2 SNPs on genome hg19

- But sometimes they don’t do the right thing:

    as(snps, "data.frame")  # the 'geneid' slot is ignored

    ##    snpid chrom     pos
    ## 1 rs0001  chr1  224033
    ## 2 rs0002  chrX 1266886

##

- Being a SNPLocations object vs being a SNPLocations instance:

    is(snps, "AnnotatedSNPs")     # 'snps' is an AnnotatedSNPs object

    ## [1] TRUE

    is(snps, "SNPLocations")      # and is also a SNPLocations object

    ## [1] TRUE

    class(snps)                   # but is *not* a SNPLocations *instance*

    ## [1] "AnnotatedSNPs"
    ## attr(,"package")
    ## [1] ".GlobalEnv"

- Method overriding: for example we could define a `show` method for AnnotatedSNPs objects. `callNextMethod` can be used in that context to call the method defined for the parent class from within the method for the child class.
- Automatic coercion method:

    as(snps, "SNPLocations")

    ## SNPLocations instance with 2 SNPs on genome hg19

## Incremental validity method

- The validity method for AnnotatedSNPs objects only needs to validate what’s not already validated by the validity method for SNPLocations objects:

    setValidity("AnnotatedSNPs",
        function(object) {
            if (length(object@geneid) != length(object))
                return("'geneid' slot must have the length of the object")
            TRUE
        }
    )

- In other words: before an AnnotatedSNPs object can be considered valid, it must first be a valid SNPLocations object.

# What else?

##

Other important S4 features

- Virtual classes: equivalent to abstract classes in Java
- Class unions (see `?setClassUnion`)
- Multiple inheritance: a powerful feature that should be used with caution. If used inappropriately, can lead to a class hierarchy that is very hard to maintain

Resources

- Man pages in the `methods` package: `?setClass`, `?showMethods`, `?selectMethod`, `?getMethod`, `?is`, `?setValidity`, `?as`
- The Extending RangedSummarizedExperiment section of the SummarizedExperiment vignette in the `SummarizedExperiment` package.
- Note: S4 is not covered in the An Introduction to R or The R language definition manuals
- The Writing R Extensions manual for details about integrating S4 classes to a package
- The R Programming for Bioinformatics book by Robert Gentleman