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# Webcam setup

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This is a guide to setting up your webcam. Most probably your webcam will work out of the box. Permissions to access video devices—e.g. `/dev/video0`—are handled by udev, there is no configuration necessary.

## Loading

Most recent webcams are USB video device class (UVC) compliant and are supported by the generic `uvcvideo` kernel driver module. To check that your webcam is recognized, see the journal just after you plug the webcam in. You should see something like this:

    kernel: sn9c102: V4L2 driver for SN9C10x PC Camera Controllers v1:1.24a
    usb 1-1: SN9C10[12] PC Camera Controller detected (vid/pid 0x0C45/0x600D)
    usb 1-1: PAS106B image sensor detected
    usb 1-1: Initialization succeeded
    usb 1-1: V4L2 device registered as /dev/video0
    usb 1-1: Optional device control through 'sysfs' interface ready
    usbcore: registered new driver sn9c102

Some pre-UVC webcams are also supported via the `gspca` kernel driver module. See the gspca cards list for a non-exhaustive list of supported devices under this framework.

Otherwise, if your webcam is not supported by the kernel drivers, an external driver is necessary:

- The first step is to identify the name of the webcam, using for example `lsusb`.
- Then you can check Webcam devices for information and resources about webcams.
- Once you find a driver compatible with the webcam, you can load the module at boot.

Note The Linux kernel to userspace API used to control webcams is named Video4Linux (V4L, or V4L2). All applications which support V4L2 will work with the kernel drivers.

## Configuration

If you want to configure brightness, color and other webcam parameters (e.g. in the case when out-of-the-box colors are too bluish/reddish/greenish) you may use a variety of applications. Some specific webcams such as the Logitech Brio or the Razer Kiyo Pro might require a specific application for some of their specific options such as HDR. Changing any settings in an application that configures V4L settings will generally change those settings for all applications using those cameras unless they override those settings themselves.

### Command line

v4l-utils installs a command line tool, v4l2-ctl.

To list all video devices:

    $ v4l2-ctl --list-devices

To list the configurable settings of a video device:

    $ v4l2-ctl -d /dev/video0 --list-ctrls

You can change the settings of the video device by doing the following:

    $ v4l2-ctl -c brightness=128

Alternatively, you can use cameractrls:

    $ cameractrls -c brightness=128

### Graphical

For generic graphical webcam configuration tools you can use either qv4l2 from v4l-utils or guvcview. In addition to this, cameractrls contains cameractrlsgtk4 which allows you to configure some camera-specific features for the Logitech Brio as well as the Razer Kiyo Pro on top of supporting all the other V4L options.

### Persisting configuration changes

Configuration made via V4L2 does not persist after the webcam is disconnected and reconnected. It is possible to use `v4l2-ctl` with udev rules in order to set some configuration each time a particular camera is connected.

For example, to set a default zoom setting on a particular Logitech webcam each time it is connected, add a udev rule like this:

    /etc/udev/rules.d/99-logitech-default-zoom.rules

    SUBSYSTEM=="video4linux", KERNEL=="video[0-9]*", ATTR{index}=="0", ATTRS{idVendor}=="046d", ATTRS{idProduct}=="0892", RUN+="/usr/bin/v4l2-ctl -d $devnode --set-ctrl=zoom_absolute=170"

The above rule is valid for the Logitech C920 HD Pro Webcam - hardware ID 046d:0892.

The device's vendor id and product id can be found using `lsusb`. These are unique per product and do not change unless the product gets a new hardware revision.

To find udev attributes like the product name and serial, see udev#List the attributes of a device. It is also possible to set a static name for a video device).

### Disable internal laptop webcam

Sometimes we might want to disable a laptop's internal webcam so that only the one attached via USB is showing. This can be done with a udev rule. First we will need the device's vendor id and the product id:

    $ lsusb

    Bus 001 Device 008: ID 1bcf:28c1 Sunplus Innovation Technology Inc. Integrated_Webcam_HD

Then we add new udev rule to remove the device as soon as it is detected:

    /etc/udev/rules.d/40-disable-internal-webcam.rules

    ACTION=="add", ATTR{idVendor}=="1bcf", ATTR{idProduct}=="28c1", RUN="/bin/sh -c 'echo 1 >/sys/\$devpath/remove'"

### Disable webcam completely

To disable webcam completely, you can blacklist the `uvcvideo` kernel module. For example:

    /etc/modprobe.d/nowebcam.conf

    blacklist uvcvideo

## Applications

See also List of applications/Multimedia#Webcam.

### FFmpeg

See v4l2loopback#Use cases for various examples, where FFmpeg is used to output video to a v4l2 device, which can be used as a webcam.

For laptops without a webcam, an IP camera can be used as an alternative to droidcam which does not keep the extra webcam device hanging around. For android, something like IP webcam can be hosted on the phone, then use the IP camera as a video input for the laptop. First, install linux-headers and v4l2loopback-dkms, then connect to the video source as `/dev/video0` using `v4l2loopback` with `192.168.1.xxx` being the IP address of the phone:

    # modprobe v4l2loopback exclusive_caps=1
    $ ffmpeg -i http://192.168.1.xxx:8080/video -vf format=yuv420p -f v4l2 /dev/video0

Note `exclusive_caps=1` helps solve the issue of the video input not usable on some Chrome/WebRTC applications [1].

### Firefox

Firefox may use not the highest resolution possible by default, leading to 4:3 image being captured from a 16:9 capable webcam. You can force specific resolution in `about:config` via `media.navigator.video.default_height` and `media.navigator.video.default_width` settings.

For example, to force 1920x1080 captured output, set `media.navigator.video.default_width` to `1920`.

### MPlayer

To use MPlayer to take snapshots from your webcam run this command from the terminal:

    $ mplayer tv:// -tv driver=v4l2:width=640:height=480:device=/dev/video0 -fps 15 -vf screenshot

From here you have to press `s` to take the snapshot. The snapshot will be saved in the current folder as `shotXXXX.png`. If you want to record video continuous:

    $ mencoder tv:// -tv driver=v4l2:width=640:height=480:device=/dev/video0:forceaudio:adevice=/dev/dsp -ovc lavc -oac mp3lame -lameopts cbr:br=64:mode=3 -o filename.avi

Press `Ctrl+c` to end the recording.

To play video with MPlayer using MJPEG as the pixelformat instead of the default, which in most cases is YUYV, you can run the following:

    $ mplayer tv:// -tv driver=v4l2:width=640:height=480:device=/dev/video0:outfmt=mjpeg -fps 15

### mpv

To use mpv to take snapshots from your webcam, run this command from the terminal:

    $ mpv av://v4l2:/dev/video0 --profile=low-latency --untimed

From here you have to press `s` to take the snapshot. The snapshot will be saved in your current folder as `mpv-shotNNNN.jpg`.

To use MJPEG as the pixelformat instead of the default, which in most cases is YUYV, you can run the following instead:

    $ mpv --demuxer-lavf-format=video4linux2 --demuxer-lavf-o-set=input_format=mjpeg av://v4l2:/dev/video0

In some cases this can lead to drastic improvements in quality and performance (5FPS -> 30FPS for example).

To adjust webcam settings, including the resolution, see the mpv documentation.

### VLC

VLC can also be used to view and record your webcam. In VLC's Media menu, open the Capture Device... dialog and enter the video and audio device files. Or from the command line, for example:

    $ vlc v4l2://:input-slave=alsa://:v4l-vdev="/dev/video0"

This will make VLC mirror your webcam.

- To take stills, simply choose Snapshot in the Video menu.
- To record the stream, add a `--sout` argument to the command line, e.g.

    $ vlc v4l2://:v4l-vdev="/dev/video0":v4l-adev="/dev/audio2" --sout "#transcode{vcodec=mp1v,vb=1024,scale=1,acodec=mpga,ab=192,channels=2}:duplicate{dst=std{access=file,mux=mpeg1,dst=/tmp/test.mpg}}"

Note that by default this will not display the video. In order to see what you are recording, you need to add the display as a destination to the argument (which will slow down the operation):

    ... :duplicate{dst=display,dst=std{access= ....

Note If VLC does not detect webcams, ensure that the packages zvbi and vlc-plugin-zvbi are installed.

### xawtv

This is a basic Video4Linux2 device viewer, and although it is intended for use with TV tuner cards, it works well with webcams. It will display what your webcam sees in a window.

Install xawtvAUR and run it with:

    $ xawtv -c /dev/video0

In case of error see #xawtv with NVIDIA card.

## Troubleshooting

### xawtv with NVIDIA card

If you are using an NVIDIA graphics card, and get an error like:

    X Error of failed request:  XF86DGANoDirectVideoMode
     Major opcode of failed request:  139 (XFree86-DGA)
     Minor opcode of failed request:  1 (XF86DGAGetVideoLL)
     Serial number of failed request:  69
     Current serial number in output stream:  69

you should instead run it as `xawtv -nodga`.

### Microsoft Lifecam Studio/Cinema

Under certain configurations, the Microsoft lifecam studio/cinema may request too much usb bandwidth and fail see Uvcvideo FAQ. In this case, change the buffering by loading the `uvcvideo` driver with `quirks=0x80`. Add it to `/etc/modprobe.d/uvcvideo.conf` :

    /etc/modprobe.d/uvcvideo.conf

    ## fix bandwidth issue for lifecam studio/cinema
    options uvcvideo quirks=0x80

Note If delays are visible in the logs, or the camera works periodically, this workaround should apply generally. Bigger values such as `quirks=0x100` are possible.

### Check bandwidth used by USB webcams

When running multiple webcams on a single USB bus, they may saturate the bandwidth of the USB bus and not work properly. You can diagnose this with the usbtop tool from the usbtopAUR package.

### Invert the video stream

If your video stream is inverted, you can make a new virtual video camera which inverts the inverted video. You need to install v4l-utils and also v4l2loopback-dkms. Create the virtual video camera:

    # modprobe v4l2loopback

Check the name of the newly created camera:

    $ v4l2-ctl --list-devices
    Dummy video device (0x0000) (platform:v4l2loopback-000):
       	/dev/video1

Then you can run ffmpeg to read from your actual webcam (here `/dev/video0`) and invert it and feed it to the virtual camera:

    $ ffmpeg -f v4l2 -i /dev/video0 -vf "vflip" -f v4l2 /dev/video1

Here `vflip` inverts the video stream vertically. Use `hflip` to invert it horizontally.

Note that the format argument `yuv420p` might be needed to avoid an error, otherwise there might not be any video stream and a black screen will be shown [2]. In other words:

    $ ffmpeg -f v4l2 -i /dev/video0 -vf "hflip,format=yuv420p" -f v4l2 /dev/video1

You can then use the "Dummy" camera in your applications instead of the "Integrated" camera.

### Bad image quality

If you experience images being too bright, too dark, too exposed or any other, you can install v4l2ucpAUR to tweak your image output.

### Logitech Quickcam Pro 9000

Install libwebcam-gitAUR to enable autofocus control. After the installation, disconnect and reconnect your camera to trigger the newly added udev rules.

### Creality Webcam

Creality webcam is based on the Fullhan FH8852 chip used in many cheap 2MP cameras (USB ID `1d6c:0103`), but its firmware requires a special sequence to enable it, otherwise you'll get a black screen. Trying to grab a frame using FFmpeg seems to properly initialize the device, making it work on other apps. You might have to try the following on both `/dev/video0` and `/dev/video2`, and see which one produces a correct `/tmp/test_img.jpg` image:

    $ ffmpeg -i /dev/video0 /tmp/test_img.jpg

Once done, the camera should work on web browser, applications like Cheese, etc.

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