from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import Flag, IntEnum, IntFlag

import cython
from cython.cimports import libav as lib
from cython.cimports.av.buffer import ByteSource, bytesource
from cython.cimports.av.codec.codec import Codec, wrap_codec
from cython.cimports.av.dictionary import Dictionary
from cython.cimports.av.error import err_check
from cython.cimports.av.packet import Packet
from cython.cimports.av.utils import avrational_to_fraction, to_avrational
from cython.cimports.libc.errno import EAGAIN
from cython.cimports.libc.stdint import uint8_t
from cython.cimports.libc.string import memcpy, strcmp

from av.error import InvalidDataError

_cinit_sentinel = cython.declare(object, object())


@cython.cfunc
def wrap_codec_context(
    c_ctx: cython.pointer[lib.AVCodecContext],
    c_codec: cython.pointer[cython.const[lib.AVCodec]],
    hwaccel: HWAccel,
) -> CodecContext:
    """Build an bv.CodecContext for an existing AVCodecContext."""
    py_ctx: CodecContext

    if c_ctx.codec_type == lib.AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO:
        from av.video.codeccontext import VideoCodecContext

        py_ctx = VideoCodecContext(_cinit_sentinel)
    elif c_ctx.codec_type == lib.AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO:
        from av.audio.codeccontext import AudioCodecContext

        py_ctx = AudioCodecContext(_cinit_sentinel)
    elif c_ctx.codec_type == lib.AVMEDIA_TYPE_SUBTITLE:
        from av.subtitles.codeccontext import SubtitleCodecContext

        py_ctx = SubtitleCodecContext(_cinit_sentinel)
    else:
        py_ctx = CodecContext(_cinit_sentinel)

    py_ctx._init(c_ctx, c_codec, hwaccel)

    return py_ctx


class ThreadType(Flag):
    NONE = 0
    FRAME: "Decode more than one frame at once" = lib.FF_THREAD_FRAME
    SLICE: "Decode more than one part of a single frame at once" = lib.FF_THREAD_SLICE
    AUTO: "Decode using both FRAME and SLICE methods." = (
        lib.FF_THREAD_SLICE | lib.FF_THREAD_FRAME
    )


class Flags(IntEnum):
    unaligned = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_UNALIGNED
    qscale = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_QSCALE
    four_mv = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_4MV
    output_corrupt = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_OUTPUT_CORRUPT
    qpel = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_QPEL
    recon_frame = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_RECON_FRAME
    copy_opaque = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_COPY_OPAQUE
    frame_duration = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_FRAME_DURATION
    pass1 = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_PASS1
    pass2 = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_PASS2
    loop_filter = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_LOOP_FILTER
    gray = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_GRAY
    psnr = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_PSNR
    interlaced_dct = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_INTERLACED_DCT
    low_delay = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_LOW_DELAY
    global_header = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER
    bitexact = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_BITEXACT
    ac_pred = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_AC_PRED
    interlaced_me = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_INTERLACED_ME
    closed_gop = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_CLOSED_GOP


class Flags2(IntEnum):
    fast = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG2_FAST
    no_output = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG2_NO_OUTPUT
    local_header = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG2_LOCAL_HEADER
    chunks = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG2_CHUNKS
    ignore_crop = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG2_IGNORE_CROP
    show_all = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG2_SHOW_ALL
    export_mvs = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG2_EXPORT_MVS
    skip_manual = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG2_SKIP_MANUAL
    ro_flush_noop = lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG2_RO_FLUSH_NOOP


class OptionType(IntEnum):
    FLAGS = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAGS
    INT = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_INT
    INT64 = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_INT64
    DOUBLE = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_DOUBLE
    FLOAT = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_FLOAT
    STRING = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING
    RATIONAL = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_RATIONAL
    BINARY = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_BINARY
    DICT = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_DICT
    UINT64 = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_UINT64
    CONST = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST
    IMAGE_SIZE = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_IMAGE_SIZE
    PIXEL_FMT = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_PIXEL_FMT
    SAMPLE_FMT = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_SAMPLE_FMT
    VIDEO_RATE = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_VIDEO_RATE
    DURATION = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_DURATION
    COLOR = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_COLOR
    CHANNEL_LAYOUT = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_CHLAYOUT
    BOOL = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_BOOL
    UINT = lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_UINT


class OptionFlags(IntFlag):
    ENCODING_PARAM = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_ENCODING_PARAM
    DECODING_PARAM = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM
    AUDIO_PARAM = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_AUDIO_PARAM
    VIDEO_PARAM = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_VIDEO_PARAM
    SUBTITLE_PARAM = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_SUBTITLE_PARAM
    EXPORT = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_EXPORT
    READONLY = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_READONLY
    BITSTREAM_FILTER_PARAM = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_BSF_PARAM
    RUNTIME_PARAM = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_RUNTIME_PARAM
    FILTERING_PARAM = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_FILTERING_PARAM
    DEPRECATED = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_DEPRECATED
    CHILD_CONSTS = lib.AV_OPT_FLAG_CHILD_CONSTS


@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
class CodecOptionChoice:
    """A named value accepted by a codec option."""

    name: str
    help: str


@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
class CodecOption:
    """Description of a generic or codec-specific option."""

    name: str
    help: str
    type: OptionType | int
    is_array: bool
    default: str | None
    min: float
    max: float
    flags: OptionFlags
    choices: tuple[CodecOptionChoice, ...]


@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
class CodecOptionSet:
    """Generic and codec-specific options supported by a codec context."""

    generic: tuple[CodecOption, ...]
    private: tuple[CodecOption, ...]


@cython.cfunc
def _get_option_default(
    obj: cython.p_void, name: cython.pointer[cython.const[cython.char]]
):
    value: cython.pointer[uint8_t] = cython.NULL
    if lib.av_opt_get(obj, name, 0, cython.address(value)) < 0:
        return None
    try:
        return cython.cast(cython.p_char, value) if value != cython.NULL else None
    finally:
        lib.av_free(value)


@cython.cfunc
def _get_supported_options(obj: cython.p_void):
    options: list = []
    ptr: cython.pointer[cython.const[lib.AVOption]] = lib.av_opt_next(obj, cython.NULL)
    choice_ptr: cython.pointer[cython.const[lib.AVOption]]
    option_type: object

    while ptr != cython.NULL:
        if ptr.type != lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST:
            choices: list = []
            if ptr.unit != cython.NULL:
                choice_ptr = lib.av_opt_next(obj, cython.NULL)
                while choice_ptr != cython.NULL:
                    if (
                        choice_ptr.type == lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST
                        and choice_ptr.unit != cython.NULL
                        and strcmp(choice_ptr.unit, ptr.unit) == 0
                    ):
                        choices.append(
                            CodecOptionChoice(
                                choice_ptr.name,
                                choice_ptr.help
                                if choice_ptr.help != cython.NULL
                                else "",
                            )
                        )
                    choice_ptr = lib.av_opt_next(obj, choice_ptr)

            raw_type = cython.cast(cython.int, ptr.type)
            is_array = bool(raw_type & lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAG_ARRAY)
            raw_type &= ~lib.AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAG_ARRAY
            try:
                option_type = OptionType(raw_type)
            except ValueError:
                option_type = raw_type

            options.append(
                CodecOption(
                    ptr.name,
                    ptr.help if ptr.help != cython.NULL else "",
                    option_type,
                    is_array,
                    _get_option_default(obj, ptr.name),
                    ptr.min,
                    ptr.max,
                    OptionFlags(ptr.flags),
                    tuple(choices),
                )
            )
        ptr = lib.av_opt_next(obj, ptr)

    return tuple(options)


@cython.cclass
class CodecContext:
    @staticmethod
    def create(codec, mode=None, hwaccel=None):
        cy_codec: Codec = codec if isinstance(codec, Codec) else Codec(codec, mode)
        c_ctx: cython.pointer[lib.AVCodecContext] = lib.avcodec_alloc_context3(
            cy_codec.ptr
        )
        return wrap_codec_context(c_ctx, cy_codec.ptr, hwaccel)

    def __cinit__(self, sentinel=None, *args, **kwargs):
        if sentinel is not _cinit_sentinel:
            raise RuntimeError("Cannot instantiate CodecContext")

        self.options = {}
        self.stream_index = -1  # This is set by the container immediately.
        self.is_open = False

    @property
    def supported_options(self):
        """Options supported by this codec context.

        ``generic`` contains options provided by :ffmpeg:`AVCodecContext`, while
        ``private`` contains options provided by the selected codec. Values are
        descriptors only; set options through :attr:`options`.
        """
        ctx: cython.pointer[lib.AVCodecContext] = lib.avcodec_alloc_context3(
            self.codec.ptr
        )
        child: cython.p_void
        private: list = []
        if ctx == cython.NULL:
            raise MemoryError("Cannot allocate codec context")
        try:
            generic = _get_supported_options(ctx)
            child = lib.av_opt_child_next(ctx, cython.NULL)
            while child != cython.NULL:
                private.extend(_get_supported_options(child))
                child = lib.av_opt_child_next(ctx, child)
            return CodecOptionSet(generic, tuple(private))
        finally:
            lib.avcodec_free_context(cython.address(ctx))

    @cython.cfunc
    def _init(
        self,
        ptr: cython.pointer[lib.AVCodecContext],
        codec: cython.pointer[cython.const[lib.AVCodec]],
        hwaccel: HWAccel,
    ):
        self.ptr = ptr
        if self.ptr.codec and codec and self.ptr.codec != codec:
            raise RuntimeError("Wrapping CodecContext with mismatched codec.")
        self.codec = wrap_codec(codec if codec != cython.NULL else self.ptr.codec)
        self.hwaccel = hwaccel

        # Set reasonable threading defaults.
        self.ptr.thread_count = 0  # use as many threads as there are CPUs.
        self.ptr.thread_type = 0x02  # thread within a frame. Does not change the API.

    @cython.cfunc
    def _assert_not_open(self, name):
        if self.is_open:
            raise RuntimeError(f"Cannot change {name} after codec is open.")

    @property
    def flags(self):
        """
        Get and set the flags bitmask of CodecContext.

        :rtype: int
        """
        return self.ptr.flags

    @flags.setter
    def flags(self, value: cython.int):
        self.ptr.flags = value

    @property
    def qscale(self):
        """
        Use fixed qscale.

        :rtype: bool
        """
        return bool(self.ptr.flags & lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_QSCALE)

    @qscale.setter
    def qscale(self, value):
        if value:
            self.ptr.flags |= lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_QSCALE
        else:
            self.ptr.flags &= ~lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_QSCALE

    @property
    def copy_opaque(self):
        return bool(self.ptr.flags & lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_COPY_OPAQUE)

    @copy_opaque.setter
    def copy_opaque(self, value):
        if value:
            self.ptr.flags |= lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_COPY_OPAQUE
        else:
            self.ptr.flags &= ~lib.AV_CODEC_FLAG_COPY_OPAQUE

    @property
    def flags2(self):
        """
        Get and set the flags2 bitmask of CodecContext.

        :rtype: int
        """
        return self.ptr.flags2

    @flags2.setter
    def flags2(self, value: cython.int):
        self.ptr.flags2 = value

    @property
    def extradata(self):
        if self.ptr is cython.NULL:
            return None
        if self.ptr.extradata_size > 0:
            return cython.cast(
                bytes,
                cython.cast(cython.pointer[uint8_t], self.ptr.extradata)[
                    : self.ptr.extradata_size
                ],
            )
        return None

    @extradata.setter
    def extradata(self, data):
        if data is None:
            lib.av_freep(cython.address(self.ptr.extradata))
            self.ptr.extradata_size = 0
        else:
            source = bytesource(data)
            self.ptr.extradata = cython.cast(
                cython.pointer[uint8_t],
                lib.av_realloc(
                    self.ptr.extradata, source.length + lib.AV_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE
                ),
            )
            if not self.ptr.extradata:
                raise MemoryError("Cannot allocate extradata")
            memcpy(self.ptr.extradata, source.ptr, source.length)
            self.ptr.extradata_size = cython.cast(cython.int, source.length)

    @property
    def extradata_size(self):
        return self.ptr.extradata_size

    @property
    def is_encoder(self):
        if self.ptr is cython.NULL:
            return False
        return lib.av_codec_is_encoder(self.ptr.codec)

    @property
    def is_decoder(self):
        if self.ptr is cython.NULL:
            return False
        return lib.av_codec_is_decoder(self.ptr.codec)

    @cython.ccall
    def open(self, strict: cython.bint = True):
        if self.is_open:
            if strict:
                raise ValueError("CodecContext is already open.")
            return

        options: Dictionary = Dictionary()
        options.update(self.options or {})

        if not self.ptr.time_base.num and self.is_encoder:
            if self.type == "video":
                self.ptr.time_base.num = self.ptr.framerate.den or 1
                self.ptr.time_base.den = self.ptr.framerate.num or lib.AV_TIME_BASE
            elif self.type == "audio":
                self.ptr.time_base.num = 1
                self.ptr.time_base.den = self.ptr.sample_rate
            else:
                self.ptr.time_base.num = 1
                self.ptr.time_base.den = lib.AV_TIME_BASE

        self._setup_encode_hwframes()

        err_check(
            lib.avcodec_open2(self.ptr, self.codec.ptr, cython.address(options.ptr)),
            f'avcodec_open2("{self.codec.name}", {self.options})',
        )
        self.is_open = True
        self.options = dict(options)

    def __dealloc__(self):
        if self.ptr:
            lib.av_freep(cython.address(self.ptr.extradata))
            lib.avcodec_free_context(cython.address(self.ptr))
        if self.parser:
            lib.av_parser_close(self.parser)

    def __repr__(self):
        _type = self.type or "<notype>"
        name = self.name or "<nocodec>"
        return f"<av.{self.__class__.__name__} {_type}/{name} at 0x{id(self):x}>"

    def parse(self, raw_input=None):
        """Split up a byte stream into list of :class:`.Packet`.

        This is only effectively splitting up a byte stream, and does no
        actual interpretation of the data.

        It will return all packets that are fully contained within the given
        input, and will buffer partial packets until they are complete.

        Any timing information the parser is able to infer (``pts``, ``dts``,
        ``duration``, ``pos`` and the keyframe flag) is assigned onto the
        returned packets. Fields the parser cannot determine are left unset.

        :param ByteSource raw_input: A chunk of a byte-stream to process.
            Anything that can be turned into a :class:`.ByteSource` is fine.
            ``None`` or empty inputs will flush the parser's buffers.

        :return: ``list`` of :class:`.Packet` newly available.

        """

        if not self.parser:
            self.parser = lib.av_parser_init(self.codec.ptr.id)
            if not self.parser:
                raise ValueError(f"No parser for {self.codec.name}")

        source: ByteSource = bytesource(raw_input, allow_none=True)

        in_data: cython.p_uchar = source.ptr if source is not None else cython.NULL
        in_size: cython.int = (
            cython.cast(cython.int, source.length) if source is not None else 0
        )

        out_data: cython.p_uchar
        out_size: cython.int
        consumed: cython.int
        packet: Packet = None
        packets: list = []

        while True:
            with cython.nogil:
                consumed = lib.av_parser_parse2(
                    self.parser,
                    self.ptr,
                    cython.address(out_data),
                    cython.address(out_size),
                    in_data,
                    in_size,
                    lib.AV_NOPTS_VALUE,
                    lib.AV_NOPTS_VALUE,
                    0,
                )
            err_check(consumed)

            if out_size:
                # We copy the data immediately, as we have yet to figure out
                # the expected lifetime of the buffer we get back. All of the
                # examples decode it immediately.
                #
                # We've also tried:
                #   packet = Packet()
                #   packet.data = out_data
                #   packet.size = out_size
                #   packet.source = source
                #
                # ... but this results in corruption.

                packet = Packet(out_size)
                memcpy(packet.ptr.data, out_data, out_size)

                # Propagate the timing information the parser inferred for
                # this frame onto the packet (mirrors FFmpeg's parse_packet).
                packet.ptr.pts = self.parser.pts
                packet.ptr.dts = self.parser.dts
                packet.ptr.pos = self.parser.pos
                if self.parser.duration:
                    packet.ptr.duration = self.parser.duration
                if self.parser.key_frame == 1:
                    packet.ptr.flags |= lib.AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY

                packets.append(packet)

            if not in_size:
                # This was a flush. Only one packet should ever be returned.
                break

            in_data += consumed
            in_size -= consumed

            if not in_size:
                break

        return packets

    @property
    def is_hwaccel(self):
        """
        Returns ``True`` if this codec context is hardware accelerated, ``False`` otherwise.
        """
        return self.hwaccel_ctx is not None

    def _send_frame_and_recv(self, frame: Frame | None):
        packet: Packet
        res: cython.int
        with cython.nogil:
            res = lib.avcodec_send_frame(
                self.ptr, frame.ptr if frame is not None else cython.NULL
            )
        err_check(res, "avcodec_send_frame()")

        packet = self._recv_packet()
        while packet:
            yield packet
            packet = self._recv_packet()

    @cython.cfunc
    def _setup_encode_hwframes(self) -> cython.void:
        # Build the hardware frames context for hardware-accelerated encoding.
        #
        # Unlike the device context (attached at construction time), the frames
        # context depends on the final width/height/pixel format, which the user
        # sets after add_stream(). We therefore defer it until just before the
        # codec is opened.
        if self.hwaccel_ctx is None or not self.is_encoder:
            return
        if self.ptr.hw_frames_ctx:
            return  # Already set up.

        hw_format: lib.AVPixelFormat = self.hwaccel_ctx.config.ptr.pix_fmt
        sw_format: lib.AVPixelFormat = cython.cast(
            lib.AVPixelFormat, self.ptr.sw_pix_fmt
        )

        # The codec context's sw_pix_fmt holds the software format the user
        # wants the hardware frames context to use. Fall back to pix_fmt to
        # preserve the existing stream.pix_fmt configuration path.
        if sw_format == lib.AV_PIX_FMT_NONE:
            sw_format = cython.cast(lib.AVPixelFormat, self.ptr.pix_fmt)

        # If they left it as the hardware format (or unset), pick a sane default.
        if sw_format == hw_format or sw_format == lib.AV_PIX_FMT_NONE:
            sw_format = lib.av_get_pix_fmt(b"nv12")

        frames_ref: cython.pointer[lib.AVBufferRef] = lib.av_hwframe_ctx_alloc(
            self.hwaccel_ctx.ptr
        )
        if frames_ref == cython.NULL:
            raise MemoryError("av_hwframe_ctx_alloc() failed")

        try:
            frames_ctx: cython.pointer[lib.AVHWFramesContext] = cython.cast(
                cython.pointer[lib.AVHWFramesContext], frames_ref.data
            )
            frames_ctx.format = hw_format
            frames_ctx.sw_format = sw_format
            frames_ctx.width = self.ptr.width
            frames_ctx.height = self.ptr.height
            frames_ctx.initial_pool_size = 32
            err_check(lib.av_hwframe_ctx_init(frames_ref))
        except Exception:
            lib.av_buffer_unref(cython.address(frames_ref))
            raise

        # Ownership of frames_ref transfers to the codec context.
        self.ptr.hw_frames_ctx = frames_ref
        self.ptr.sw_pix_fmt = sw_format
        self.ptr.pix_fmt = hw_format

    @cython.cfunc
    def _prepare_frames_for_encode(self, frame: Frame | None) -> list:
        return [frame]

    @cython.cfunc
    def _alloc_next_frame(self) -> Frame:
        raise NotImplementedError("Base CodecContext cannot decode.")

    @cython.cfunc
    def _recv_frame(self):
        if not self._next_frame:
            self._next_frame = self._alloc_next_frame()

        frame: Frame = self._next_frame
        res: cython.int

        with cython.nogil:
            res = lib.avcodec_receive_frame(self.ptr, frame.ptr)

        if res == -EAGAIN or res == lib.AVERROR_EOF:
            return

        err_check(res, "avcodec_receive_frame()")
        frame = self._transfer_hwframe(frame)

        if not res:
            self._next_frame = None
            return frame

    @cython.cfunc
    def _transfer_hwframe(self, frame: Frame):
        return frame

    @cython.cfunc
    def _recv_packet(self):
        packet: Packet = Packet()
        res: cython.int

        with cython.nogil:
            res = lib.avcodec_receive_packet(self.ptr, packet.ptr)

        if res == -EAGAIN or res == lib.AVERROR_EOF:
            return

        err_check(res, "avcodec_receive_packet()")
        if not res:
            return packet

    @cython.cfunc
    def _prepare_and_time_rebase_frames_for_encode(self, frame: Frame):
        if self.ptr.codec_type not in [lib.AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, lib.AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO]:
            raise NotImplementedError("Encoding is only supported for audio and video.")

        # A hardware frame (e.g. a CUDA frame from DLPack) carries its own frames
        # context. Encoders like h264_nvenc require hw_frames_ctx to be set before
        # avcodec_open2, so adopt the frame's if we don't already have one.
        if (
            not self.is_open
            and frame is not None
            and frame.ptr.hw_frames_ctx != cython.NULL
            and self.ptr.hw_frames_ctx == cython.NULL
        ):
            self.ptr.hw_frames_ctx = lib.av_buffer_ref(frame.ptr.hw_frames_ctx)

        self.open(strict=False)

        frames = self._prepare_frames_for_encode(frame)

        # Assert the frames are in our time base.
        # TODO: Don't mutate time.
        for frame in frames:
            if frame is not None:
                frame._rebase_time(self.ptr.time_base)

        return frames

    @cython.ccall
    def encode(self, frame: Frame | None = None):
        """Encode a list of :class:`.Packet` from the given :class:`.Frame`."""
        res = []
        for frame in self._prepare_and_time_rebase_frames_for_encode(frame):
            for packet in self._send_frame_and_recv(frame):
                self._setup_encoded_packet(packet)
                res.append(packet)
        return res

    def encode_lazy(self, frame: Frame | None = None):
        for frame in self._prepare_and_time_rebase_frames_for_encode(frame):
            for packet in self._send_frame_and_recv(frame):
                self._setup_encoded_packet(packet)
                yield packet

    @cython.cfunc
    def _setup_encoded_packet(self, packet: Packet):
        # We coerced the frame's time_base into the CodecContext's during encoding,
        # and FFmpeg copied the frame's pts/dts to the packet, so keep track of
        # this time_base in case the frame needs to be muxed to a container with
        # a different time_base.
        #
        # NOTE: if the CodecContext's time_base is altered during encoding, all bets
        # are off!
        packet.ptr.time_base = self.ptr.time_base

    @cython.ccall
    def decode(self, packet: Packet | None = None):
        """Decode a list of :class:`.Frame` from the given :class:`.Packet`.

        If the packet is None, the buffers will be flushed. This is useful if
        you do not want the library to automatically re-order frames for you
        (if they are encoded with a codec that has B-frames).

        .. warning::

            This method is **not thread-safe**. Calling :meth:`decode` concurrently
            from multiple threads on the same :class:`CodecContext` will corrupt
            internal FFmpeg state and likely cause a crash (segfault). FFmpeg 8.1
            enforces this more strictly than earlier releases. If you need to decode
            from multiple threads, give each thread its own :class:`CodecContext`.

        """
        return self._decode(packet)

    @cython.cfunc
    def _decode(self, packet: Packet | None):
        if not self.codec.ptr:
            raise ValueError("cannot decode unknown codec")

        self.open(strict=False)

        res: cython.int
        with cython.nogil:
            res = lib.avcodec_send_packet(
                self.ptr, packet.ptr if packet is not None else cython.NULL
            )
        err_check(res, "avcodec_send_packet()")

        out: list = []
        while True:
            try:
                frame = self._recv_frame()
            except InvalidDataError:
                if out:
                    break
                raise
            if frame is None:
                break
            self._setup_decoded_frame(frame, packet)
            out.append(frame)
        return out

    @cython.ccall
    def flush_buffers(self):
        """Reset the internal codec state and discard all internal buffers.

        Should be called before you start decoding from a new position e.g.
        when seeking or when switching to a different stream.

        """
        if self.is_open:
            with cython.nogil:
                lib.avcodec_flush_buffers(self.ptr)

    @cython.cfunc
    def _setup_decoded_frame(self, frame: Frame, packet: Packet | None):
        # Propagate our manual times.
        # While decoding, frame times are in stream time_base, which PyAV
        # is carrying around.
        # TODO: Somehow get this from the stream so we can not pass the
        # packet here (because flushing packets are bogus).
        if packet is not None:
            frame._time_base = packet.ptr.time_base

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self.codec.name

    @property
    def type(self):
        return self.codec.type

    @property
    def profiles(self):
        """
        List the available profiles for this stream.

        :type: list[str]
        """
        ret: list = []
        if not self.ptr.codec or not self.codec.desc or not self.codec.desc.profiles:
            return ret

        # Profiles are always listed in the codec descriptor, but not necessarily in
        # the codec itself. So use the descriptor here.
        desc = self.codec.desc
        i: cython.int = 0
        while desc.profiles[i].profile != lib.AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN:
            ret.append(desc.profiles[i].name)
            i += 1

        return ret

    @property
    def profile(self):
        if not self.ptr.codec or not self.codec.desc or not self.codec.desc.profiles:
            return

        # Profiles are always listed in the codec descriptor, but not necessarily in
        # the codec itself. So use the descriptor here.
        desc = self.codec.desc
        i: cython.int = 0
        while desc.profiles[i].profile != lib.AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN:
            if desc.profiles[i].profile == self.ptr.profile:
                return desc.profiles[i].name
            i += 1

    @profile.setter
    def profile(self, value):
        if not self.codec or not self.codec.desc or not self.codec.desc.profiles:
            return

        # Profiles are always listed in the codec descriptor, but not necessarily in
        # the codec itself. So use the descriptor here.
        desc = self.codec.desc
        i: cython.int = 0
        while desc.profiles[i].profile != lib.AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN:
            if desc.profiles[i].name == value:
                self.ptr.profile = desc.profiles[i].profile
                return
            i += 1

    @property
    def level(self):
        """Codec level.

        Wraps :ffmpeg:`AVCodecContext.level`.

        """
        return self.ptr.level

    @level.setter
    def level(self, value: cython.int):
        self.ptr.level = value

    @property
    def time_base(self):
        if self.is_decoder:
            raise RuntimeError("Cannot access 'time_base' as a decoder")
        return avrational_to_fraction(cython.address(self.ptr.time_base))

    @time_base.setter
    def time_base(self, value):
        if self.is_decoder:
            raise RuntimeError("Cannot access 'time_base' as a decoder")
        to_avrational(value, cython.address(self.ptr.time_base))

    @property
    def codec_tag(self):
        return self.ptr.codec_tag.to_bytes(4, byteorder="little", signed=False).decode(
            encoding="ascii"
        )

    @codec_tag.setter
    def codec_tag(self, value):
        if isinstance(value, str) and len(value) == 4:
            self.ptr.codec_tag = int.from_bytes(
                value.encode(encoding="ascii"), byteorder="little", signed=False
            )
        else:
            raise ValueError("Codec tag should be a 4 character string.")

    @property
    @cython.cdivision(True)
    def global_quality(self):
        """Global quality for codecs which cannot change it per frame.

        Stored internally in lambda units; this property converts to/from
        QP units using ``FF_QP2LAMBDA``.

        Wraps :ffmpeg:`AVCodecContext.global_quality`.

        """
        return self.ptr.global_quality // lib.FF_QP2LAMBDA

    @global_quality.setter
    def global_quality(self, value: cython.int):
        self.ptr.global_quality = value * lib.FF_QP2LAMBDA

    @property
    def bit_rate(self):
        return self.ptr.bit_rate if self.ptr.bit_rate > 0 else None

    @bit_rate.setter
    def bit_rate(self, value: cython.longlong):
        self.ptr.bit_rate = value

    @property
    def max_bit_rate(self):
        if self.ptr.rc_max_rate > 0:
            return self.ptr.rc_max_rate
        else:
            return None

    @property
    def bit_rate_tolerance(self):
        self.ptr.bit_rate_tolerance

    @bit_rate_tolerance.setter
    def bit_rate_tolerance(self, value: cython.int):
        self.ptr.bit_rate_tolerance = value

    @property
    def thread_count(self):
        """How many threads to use; 0 means auto.

        Wraps :ffmpeg:`AVCodecContext.thread_count`.

        """
        return self.ptr.thread_count

    @thread_count.setter
    def thread_count(self, value: cython.int):
        if self.is_open:
            raise RuntimeError("Cannot change thread_count after codec is open.")
        self.ptr.thread_count = value

    @property
    def thread_type(self):
        """One of :class:`.ThreadType`.

        Wraps :ffmpeg:`AVCodecContext.thread_type`.

        """
        return ThreadType(self.ptr.thread_type)

    @thread_type.setter
    def thread_type(self, value):
        if self.is_open:
            raise RuntimeError("Cannot change thread_type after codec is open.")
        if type(value) is int:
            self.ptr.thread_type = value
        elif type(value) is str:
            self.ptr.thread_type = ThreadType[value].value
        else:
            self.ptr.thread_type = value.value

    @property
    def skip_frame(self):
        """Returns one of the following str literals:

        "NONE" Discard nothing
        "DEFAULT" Discard useless packets like 0 size packets in AVI
        "NONREF" Discard all non reference
        "BIDIR" Discard all bidirectional frames
        "NONINTRA" Discard all non intra frames
        "NONKEY Discard all frames except keyframes
        "ALL" Discard all

        Wraps :ffmpeg:`AVCodecContext.skip_frame`.
        """
        value = self.ptr.skip_frame
        if value == lib.AVDISCARD_NONE:
            return "NONE"
        if value == lib.AVDISCARD_DEFAULT:
            return "DEFAULT"
        if value == lib.AVDISCARD_NONREF:
            return "NONREF"
        if value == lib.AVDISCARD_BIDIR:
            return "BIDIR"
        if value == lib.AVDISCARD_NONINTRA:
            return "NONINTRA"
        if value == lib.AVDISCARD_NONKEY:
            return "NONKEY"
        if value == lib.AVDISCARD_ALL:
            return "ALL"
        return f"{value}"

    @skip_frame.setter
    def skip_frame(self, value):
        if value == "NONE":
            self.ptr.skip_frame = lib.AVDISCARD_NONE
        elif value == "DEFAULT":
            self.ptr.skip_frame = lib.AVDISCARD_DEFAULT
        elif value == "NONREF":
            self.ptr.skip_frame = lib.AVDISCARD_NONREF
        elif value == "BIDIR":
            self.ptr.skip_frame = lib.AVDISCARD_BIDIR
        elif value == "NONINTRA":
            self.ptr.skip_frame = lib.AVDISCARD_NONINTRA
        elif value == "NONKEY":
            self.ptr.skip_frame = lib.AVDISCARD_NONKEY
        elif value == "ALL":
            self.ptr.skip_frame = lib.AVDISCARD_ALL
        else:
            raise ValueError("Invalid skip_frame type")

    @property
    def delay(self):
        """Codec delay.

        Wraps :ffmpeg:`AVCodecContext.delay`.

        """
        return self.ptr.delay
